It shared legislative powers with the Bundesrat, the Imperial Council of the reigning princes of the German States. Key Terms Reichstag The Parliament of Germany from 1871 to 1918. The Kaiser’s approach in Europe eventually led to the assassination of the Austrian-Hungarian crown prince, sparking World War I.Wilhelm II promoted active colonization of Africa and Asia for those areas that were not already colonies of other European powers his administration of the colonies was notoriously brutal.Under Wilhelm II, Germany, like other European powers, took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighboring countries.In 1888, the young and ambitious Kaiser Wilhelm II became emperor and dismissed Bismarck as Chancellor, moving Germany on a different course.On the domestic front Bismarck tried to stem the rise of socialism by anti-socialist laws, combined with an introduction of health care and social security.Following the unification of Germany, Bismarck’s foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany under Emperor William I secured Germany’s position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating France by diplomatic means, and avoiding war.On December 10, 1870, the North German Confederation Reichstag renamed the Confederation as the German Empire and gave the title of German Emperor to William I, the King of Prussia.The deterioration of Austro-Russian relations in 18 over the Bulgarian question undermined the treaty’s significance, and the League of the Three Emperors finally disintegrated, after which Russia and Germany concluded the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887. 15 (27), 1884, for three additional years. The treaty was concluded for three years and was extended on Mar. In addition, the powers pledged not to oppose a possible unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. In a protocol attached to the pact, Austria-Hungary reserved the right to annex Bosnia and Hercegovina. In effect, the treaty guaranteed Russian neutrality in the event of a Franco-German war and Austro-German neutrality in the event of an Anglo-Russian war, which gave Russia more freedom in Central Asia. The pact set forth a policy for settling disagreements involving European straits, which was in Russia’s favor (art. 2).īoth these articles were advantageous to Germany and Austria-Hungary, since they forced Russia to take the allies’ interests into account in the event of war with Turkey. 1) and that territorial changes in Turkey’s European possessions would not be allowed without a previous accord (art. The parties pledged to maintain benevolent neutrality in the event of war between one of them and another power it was stipulated that, in the event of war with Turkey, neutrality would be determined by a special agreement (art. On June 6 (18), 1881, the three emperors signed a new pact in Berlin. Bismarck, however, in an attempt to delay a rapprochement between Russia and France, proposed renewing the League of the Three Emperors. In 1879, Austria-Hungary and Germany concluded an alliance against Russia. Russia resented Bismarck’s support of Austria-Hungary during the Russo-Turk-ish War (1877–78) and especially during the revision of the Peace Treaty of San Stefano (1878). In 1875 the alliance was seriously weakened. 11 (23), 1873, Germany joined the alliance, marking the beginning of the League of the Three Emperors. The agreement could be dissolved only two years after one of the parties gave notice (art. Gor-chakov, an agreement was signed by Franz Josef I and the tsar at Schönbrunn, outside Vienna. On May 25 (June 6), 1873, during a visit to Vienna by Tsar Alexander II and Russia’s minister of foreign affairs, A. Austria-Hungary, however, apprehensive about being drawn into a war against Great Britain, agreed only to conclude a treaty on mutual consultations in the event of changes in world power. Bismarck, the German chancellor, stipulated that the convention, which was in effect a military alliance, would enter into force only after Austria-Hungary joined it. According to the terms of the agreement, both sides were bound to send the ally an army of 200,000 in the event of an attack by a European power. Petersburg by William I, Russia and Germany drew up a military convention. Austria-Hungary hoped to secure Germany’s support in the event of a conflict with Russia in the Balkans and at the same time to come to terms with Russia on a division of spheres of influence in that area. Germany, employing pressure and threats against France, was interested in improving relations with Russia. The strained relations between England and Russia in Central Asia and the Middle East forced Russia to seek a rapprochement with Germany and Austria-Hungary. (in German, Dreikaiserbund), a diplomatic understanding based on a series of agreements concluded between Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary in 1873,1881, and 1884.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |